THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY
H I S T O R Y N O T E S
AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY ASIA Posted by RUNOKO RASHIDI
African Presence in Early Asia: Runoko Rashidi
By Nadrat Siddique
Having been the only practicing Muslim at my suburban, all-white high school, surrounded by Lindy Englands, I developed an understanding of racism early on. Yet the recent Howard University lecture of renowned historian and scholar Runoko Rashidi on "The African Presence in Asia" opened my eyes to the fact that I, too, had unwittingly swallowed racist ideas. The standing-room only, primarily black audience exuded afrocentricity and political consciousness with their red, black, and green caps, locks, and politically astute questions. Regrettably absent—in light of the subject matter—was HU's significant Asian student population.
Rashidi's first act, upon taking the podium, brought to light the unconscious eurocentricity of most of us living in the West. Employing a long-neglected Africanism, Rashidi recognized the elders. He asked their permission to speak. Only then did he begin the lecture. How often do we, Muslims, Africans, and others—whose religions and cultures emphasize respect of the Elders—bother to do this? In one stroke, Baba Rashidi, as he is respectfully called, returned us to our roots.
A solidly built, dark-skinned brother with bald head and gold frame glasses, he spoke in a no-nonsense manner devoid of rhetoric. "I'm tired of hearing of a black history which begins with slavery," he began. "A perfect example is the popular black history book, From Slavery to Freedom."
"I differ in my view of history. I don't view it as Africans waited around for some white man to come and take them captive," he told the appreciative audience.
Nuclear DNA polymorphisms have been used to study the origins and relations between ethnic and racial groups, said Rashidi matter-of-factly. "Mitochondrial DNA, inherited from the mother, is more important [in demonstrating relatedness]. This indicates that Africa is the mother country." Rashidi's research focuses on black people in Asia and the Middle East. To this end, he has traveled to Syria, Jordan, Pakistan, India, Iraq, Vietnam, and a litany of other countries. "Israel," explained Rashidi, "Is the only country I haven't visited—for political reasons."
At the start of each visit, Rashidi was invariably told: "There are no black people here." Undaunted, he headed straight to the national museum. Almost without exception, he found artwork—often centuries old—depicting people with unmistakably black (Africoid, in archeological terms) features. Then, traveling the countryside, to remote and inaccessible areas seldom frequented by tourists—he found black people. The pattern repeated itself in nearly every country he visited.
Beyond his extensive travels throughout Asia, Rashidi has visited Africa 20 times. "Wherever I go, I meet Africans who are literally dying to leave Africa," he said. Twenty-five hundred people line up at the [ U.S.] embassy in Kenya each day. This is because things are so bad. They are the new boat people."
The implication is that such was not always the case. As Ivan Van Sertima (with whom Rashidi co-authored African Presence in Early Asia) wrote in They Came Before Columbus, there was a time when Africans were leaving Africa because—as the ruling power—they had the wealth, resources, and naval capability to explore what was then uncharted territory.
Rashidi launched into his slide presentation. It is a small sampling of the thousands of slides of artwork from museums across Asia and the Middle East he has painstakingly collected through decades of research. There are black natives of the Andaman Islands, whose inner radar, said Rashidi, allowed them to flee just before the tsunami; an African nobleman from Laos; a 2,000 year-old bust of a Syrian African nobleman; and Antara the Lion. All have clearly Africoid features.
Then there is the tomb of Bilal (RA).
"Bilal [RA]," Rashidi told the predominantly black, non-Muslim audience, "had an Ethiopian mother. He was one of Muhammad's [PBUH] closest companions. His tomb was found in Syria."
"There was an African presence throughout early Islam," said Rashidi. "Ishmael [AS] was a black man, as was the grandfather of Prophet Muhammad [PBUH]. A well known saying of the Prophet is: 'He who brings an Ethiopian man or woman into Islam, brings his house blessings.'"
Rashidi described a mural he'd viewed at the Pantheon (burial site of Rousseau, Voltaire, Marat, Victor Hugo, and other notables) in Paris: "It is a painting of a very handsome black man. This is an African crusader."
Other slides depict not artwork, but photographs of indigenous black people across Asia and the Middle East, which Rashidi has collected in the course of exhaustive field work: photographs of a black Saudi Minister (in office around 1954, says Rashidi); black men of Kuwait's Sabah family; and a black Iraqi.
This last is perhaps the most astonishing. The black Iraqi is holding a submachine gun. This is not a U.S. soldier, Rashidi emphasized, but an African Iraqi.
"There was a population of Black captives in Southern Iraq, called the Zanji," Rashidi explained. "They engaged in three major insurrections, with some success. Iraq has a 10 - 15 % African population in the South, but you don't see them on TV," he tells the mesmerized audience.
At this point, Rashidi could have seized the occasion to bash Arabs/Muslims. But, he uttered barely a word on the Arab identity of the slavers. I wondered if this was due to a consciousness of a common oppressor, who today subjugated Arabs and Africans alike. Or was it in recognition of the efforts of the young Muslim graduate student, Sharron Muhammad, who'd worked hard to organize the Howard lecture?
Whatever the case, I was struck by the stark contrast between the attitude of this strong afrocentric brutha, actively engaged in uplifting his people, and that of the "Free Darfur" movement, Zionists who contributed nothing to black liberation, but were quick to spoon-feed black people news of their Arab "enemy," feigning common ground with black people, while Arabs and blacks continued to suffer and die disproportionately under the Zionist/capitalist/imperialist agenda.
Rashidi's next few slides depicted women: "An Israeli sister" wearing hijab ("She looks very African"); an African-Palestinian woman, who attended Howard University ("The Black Panther Party was established among Palestinians"); and a group of African Turkish women.
Rashidi, who displays few pictures of himself, appears with the latter group. "These are African women of Southwest Turkey," he explained. "Their husbands are dead, and they are discriminated against."
There are so few blacks in Turkey, he continued, that these women had never seen a black man other than one from the Sudan or Chad. "I knew it was time to leave when one of the ladies started stroking my arm, and telling me I reminded her of her late husband," he quips.
There is a painting of black slaves standing in a line behind their Ottomon regent ("The Ottoman Empire had many blacks, but this is not acknowledged"); and a bust of an African-Afghan ("probably destroyed by the Taliban"). I longed to ask the scholar the reason for his latter supposition.
Then there is the figurine of a black woman from the Indus Valley ("We know she is a sista--from the hand on the hip" jokes Rashidi); and a painting of a black woman with long braided hair pinned up in a bun.
Amazingly, museum officials tried to convince Rashidi that the beaded appearance of the woman's hair in the latter painting was not African hair in a braid, but "snails" which crawled on to the woman's head!
"I am a very patient person," said Rashidi, "So I spent the next 48 hours reclining under the same type of tree she was under, in the very same area, and no snails crawled onto my head." Rashidi's main research interest is India. "In Greater India, more than a thousand years before the foundations of Greece and Rome, proud and industrious Black men and women known as Dravidians erected a powerful civilization....the Indus Valley civilization--India's earliest high-culture, with major cities spread out along the course of the Indus River," says a handout accompanying the lecture. "The Indus Valley civilization was at its height from about 2200 B.C.E. to 1700 B.C.E."
I thought back to discussions of the Indus Valley civilization in world history classes I'd taken. As in the discussions of Ancient Egypt, "they schools" had all somehow managed to overlook the minor detail that the Indus civilization was a black civilization. But, they did not mind discussing blacks and slavery, slavery and blacks, I mused.
"The decline and fall of the Indus Valley civilization has been linked to several factors, the most important of which were the increasingly frequent incursions of the White people known in history as Aryans—violent Indo-European tribes initially from central Eurasia and later Iran," Rashidi's handout continued.
Continuing his lecture, Rashidi hit upon the major focus of his research: Dalits, or "untouchables" in India. Dalits—who are black—"are victims of Hinduism," he explained. They are literally treated as untouchable—in other words, unclean. Even the shadow of a Dalit is believed to be dirty, and Dalits must announce themselves by beating drums or making loud noises, to allow others to avoid them. They live under apartheid-like conditions.
Then, Rashidi offered a startling statistic: Three hundred million people are Dalits in India. The significance of this? "This means there may be more black people in India than there are in Africa," he said.
Rashidi is a powerhouse of knowledge, dropping facts faster than one can say "knife."
As the lecture wrapped up, he showed slides of a black Brahmin ("Very unusual"),
and an early depiction of a black Krishna ("Krishna was initially always depicted as black"), before moving on to speak briefly of his travels to the far east.
Rashidi had no desire to visit China, and said he traveled there only for the completeness of his research. Predictably, he was informed by Chinese officials: "There have never been black people in China." In fact, Rashidi had difficulty traveling around China, and, for once, did not encounter black people. However, in the course of his research, he found that one of China's earliest dynasties, the Shang, were said to have "black and oily skin."
In Japan, he found proverbs with references to African roots ("For a samurai to be brave, he must have a bit of black blood"); in Angkor Tom, Cambodia, he found bas reliefs depicting black people; in Central Vietnam, he discovered an entire living population of black people; and everywhere in the far east, he found black Buddhas ("All early depictions of Buddhas were black, and this did not change until much later").
"The people of Sumer lost their history, so they died," said Rashidi, concluding the lecture. "Wherever there is humanity, you find black people. I want all black people to embrace their African-ness. Why is this important for us? Because we are trying to become whole again. What you do for yourself, depends on what you think of yourself. And what you think of yourself depends on what you've been told."
During Q&A, the question of Dalits came up again, as many audience members seemed shocked by what they'd heard. Elaborating, Rashidi told of a Dalit woman being paraded through the village naked, because she stole some vegetables to feed her family, and of a Dalit boy forced to drink urine in punishment for some very minor infraction.
"There is an affirmative action policy in India," said Rashidi. A Dalit headed India's Supreme Court for a time; another was President of India. The appointment of these token black people, like the appointment of Clarence Thomas and Condoleezza Rice to high positions in the U.S., evidently had little impact on the condition of the majority of Dalits.
The lecture was perhaps the most thought-provoking I'd attended in recent memory. Afterwards, I greeted Baba Rashidi with "As-salaam alaikom" and extended him my solidarity as a Pakistani Muslim. I told him that were it not for his book, I, like most Pakistanis, would be woefully ignorant of the African contribution to our subcontinent, and that the incredible history he'd presented was completely absent from schools across Pakistan and India. His comments, coupled with my reading of New Trend coverage of Dalits greatly added to my awareness of the specter of racism and classism plaguing the Indian Subcontinent. For one, it occurred to me that Bollywood's (Indian cinema's) acute racism closely paralleled that of Hollywood. Both popularized negative and de-humanizing stereotypes of black people, targeting them for genocide. Remarkably, Indian cinema was incredibly popular in West Africa.
Like many Indo-Pak households, my childhood home featured Indian movies blaring in the background every evening. Although the sexism of Indian cinema sickened me even then, its racial intonations initially escaped me. Most of the movies featured Milky White Hero and Milky White Heroine, frolicking through gardens and fields in their glorious courtship dance--paragons of goodness and morality. Adivasis—another black Indian ethnic group—were, almost without exception, depicted as savages, drumming and dancing around an open fire in remote areas far from "civilization," encountered by Milky White Hero only when he came to rescue Milky White Heroine from their evil clutches. Dark-skinned actors were frequently cast as villains of various sorts, usually bent on raping the Heroine. In addition to his work with Dalits, Rashidi worked closely with Adivasis, and I mentioned this to him.
Even before I left the program, I started thinking how I would explain the relevance of the African presence in early Asia to Muslims. I knew a good many brothers and sisters would try to convince me that racism is an American problem; that Muslims don't think along racial lines; that in Islam, the sole relevance of skin color is "so that ye may know one another;" and that one is judged solely on taqwa (level of Allah-consciousness). They would try to convince me that it is a waste of time to ponder the question of who settled where and when, and that these things were in the past.
The Pakistani sister who secures her purse when a black man enters the elevator; the Arab who wants "anyone but a black woman" for his new wife; the Nigerian youth whose parents teach him not to hang with African-Americans, because "they no good"—
we are all affected by racism, whether we acknowledge it or not. Racism is cemented by a myth which refuses to acknowledge the immense and positive contributions of powerful African civilizations throughout history, insisting of viewing black people only in the context of slavery and its aftermath. To maintain the myth is to assist in the oppression and cultural genocide of black people.
A Muslim, by definition, stands with the oppressed against the oppressor.
For more information on the Dalit struggle, blacks in early Asia, and related topics, refer to site index.
Copyright © 1998 Runoko Rashidi. All rights reserved.
Posted/Revised: Wednesday, August 8, 2007 11:41 PM
Webpage design: Kenneth Ritchards